SOQL Syntax Reference
Basic Query Structure
SELECT field1, field2, ...
FROM ObjectName
WHERE condition1 AND condition2
ORDER BY field1 ASC/DESC
LIMIT number
OFFSET number
Field Selection
-- Specific fields (recommended)
SELECT Id, Name, Industry FROM Account
-- All fields (avoid in Apex - use only in Developer Console)
SELECT FIELDS(ALL) FROM Account LIMIT 200
-- Standard fields only
SELECT FIELDS(STANDARD) FROM Account
WHERE Clause Operators
| Operator |
Example |
Notes |
= |
Name = 'Acme' |
Exact match |
!= |
Status != 'Closed' |
Not equal |
<, >, <=, >= |
Amount > 1000 |
Comparison |
LIKE |
Name LIKE 'Acme%' |
Wildcard match |
IN |
Status IN ('New', 'Open') |
Multiple values |
NOT IN |
Type NOT IN ('Other') |
Exclude values |
INCLUDES |
Interests__c INCLUDES ('Golf') |
Multi-select picklist |
EXCLUDES |
Interests__c EXCLUDES ('Golf') |
Multi-select exclude |
Date Literals
| Literal |
Meaning |
TODAY |
Current day |
YESTERDAY |
Previous day |
THIS_WEEK |
Current week (Sun-Sat) |
LAST_WEEK |
Previous week |
THIS_MONTH |
Current month |
LAST_MONTH |
Previous month |
THIS_QUARTER |
Current quarter |
THIS_YEAR |
Current year |
LAST_N_DAYS:n |
Last n days |
NEXT_N_DAYS:n |
Next n days |
-- Created in last 30 days
SELECT Id FROM Account WHERE CreatedDate = LAST_N_DAYS:30
-- Modified this month
SELECT Id FROM Contact WHERE LastModifiedDate = THIS_MONTH
Relationship Queries
Child-to-Parent (Dot Notation)
-- Access parent fields
SELECT Id, Name, Account.Name, Account.Industry
FROM Contact
WHERE Account.AnnualRevenue > 1000000
-- Up to 5 levels
SELECT Id, Contact.Account.Owner.Manager.Name
FROM Case
Parent-to-Child (Subquery)
-- Get parent with related children
SELECT Id, Name,
(SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName FROM Contacts),
(SELECT Id, Name, Amount FROM Opportunities WHERE StageName = 'Closed Won')
FROM Account
WHERE Industry = 'Technology'
Standard Relationship Names
| Object |
Relationship Name |
Example |
| Account → Contacts |
Contacts |
(SELECT Id FROM Contacts) |
| Account → Opportunities |
Opportunities |
(SELECT Id FROM Opportunities) |
| Account → Cases |
Cases |
(SELECT Id FROM Cases) |
| Contact → Cases |
Cases |
(SELECT Id FROM Cases) |
| Opportunity → OpportunityLineItems |
OpportunityLineItems |
(SELECT Id FROM OpportunityLineItems) |
Custom Object Relationships
-- Custom relationship: add __r suffix
SELECT Id, Name, Custom_Object__r.Name
FROM Another_Object__c
-- Child relationship: add __r suffix
SELECT Id, (SELECT Id FROM Custom_Children__r)
FROM Parent_Object__c
Aggregate Queries
Basic Aggregates
-- Count all records
SELECT COUNT() FROM Account
-- Count with alias
SELECT COUNT(Id) cnt FROM Account
-- Sum, Average, Min, Max
SELECT SUM(Amount), AVG(Amount), MIN(Amount), MAX(Amount)
FROM Opportunity
WHERE StageName = 'Closed Won'
GROUP BY
-- Count by field
SELECT Industry, COUNT(Id)
FROM Account
GROUP BY Industry
-- Multiple groupings
SELECT StageName, CALENDAR_YEAR(CloseDate), COUNT(Id)
FROM Opportunity
GROUP BY StageName, CALENDAR_YEAR(CloseDate)
HAVING Clause
-- Filter aggregated results
SELECT Industry, COUNT(Id) cnt
FROM Account
GROUP BY Industry
HAVING COUNT(Id) > 10
GROUP BY ROLLUP
-- Subtotals
SELECT LeadSource, Rating, COUNT(Id)
FROM Lead
GROUP BY ROLLUP(LeadSource, Rating)
Advanced Features
Polymorphic Relationships (What)
-- Query polymorphic fields
SELECT Id, What.Name, What.Type
FROM Task
WHERE What.Type IN ('Account', 'Opportunity')
-- TYPEOF for conditional fields
SELECT
TYPEOF What
WHEN Account THEN Name, Phone
WHEN Opportunity THEN Name, Amount
END
FROM Task
Semi-Joins and Anti-Joins
-- Semi-join: Records that HAVE related records
SELECT Id, Name FROM Account
WHERE Id IN (SELECT AccountId FROM Contact)
-- Anti-join: Records that DON'T HAVE related records
SELECT Id, Name FROM Account
WHERE Id NOT IN (SELECT AccountId FROM Opportunity)
Format and Currency
-- Format currency/date in results
SELECT FORMAT(Amount), FORMAT(CloseDate) FROM Opportunity
-- Convert to user's currency
SELECT Id, convertCurrency(Amount) FROM Opportunity
37aa84df42